Critical
Metals

Critical metals investing can be profitable, but getting into the space is tricky, especially for those more familiar with precious metals like gold and silver or even base metals like copper.

It’s therefore crucial for those interested in critical metals to start by doing some research. For one thing, it’s important to be aware of what exactly critical metals are. Interestingly, finding a definition is easier said than done — while organizations like the European Commission have laid out which metals and minerals they deem critical, there is no definitive list.

That said, the general consensus is that critical metals are metals that have become essential to daily life, but are hard to obtain or are particularly vulnerable to supply disruptions. For example, critical metals can be difficult or expensive to extract; they can also be hard to substitute or may be found in only a small number of countries. Often, they have high-tech applications or strategic importance.

To help prospective critical metals investors get a handle on the space, we’ve put together a brief overview of some of the critical metals that are currently getting the most buzz. Graphite and cobalt are at the top of the list, but rare earth elements, manganese, tantalum and several others are also covered.

Critical metals investing: Cobalt and graphite

As mentioned, investors interested in critical metals have a huge number of choices. However, today the two most popular critical metals are cobalt and graphite. Demand for both metals, especially cobalt, has been climbing on the back of increasing interest in electric vehicles, which require lithium-ion batteries. Both graphite and cobalt are key components of these batteries.

Many companies have plans to build lithium-ion battery megafactories in the future and will need raw materials to do so. Estimates on exactly how much lithium, cobalt and graphite these megafactories will require in the coming years vary, but the consensus is that large amounts of all three metals will be needed to supply the increasing demand for electric cars.

In addition to rising demand, supply security is an issue in both the cobalt and graphite markets. Most cobalt is mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo, an area where mining is associated with human rights abuses, and as demand increases it is becoming more and more important for the mining industry to find ethical sources of the metal. Meanwhile, most graphite production comes from China, where pollution is currently an issue.

Critical metals investing: Other options

While cobalt and graphite are currently the critical metals with the most buzz, there are plenty of other options for investors interested in this exciting space. Rare earths are one of the most familiar critical metals groups, especially for investors who remember the rare earths price spike that happened in 2010 and 2011. Interest has since died down, but some still believe the metals are a compelling investment.

The rare earth elements group is made up of 15 lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium, and each has different applications, pricing and supply and demand dynamics. China accounts for the vast majority of the world’s rare earths production.

Manganese, another critical metal, is currently attracting some attention due to its up-and-coming applications in the lithium-ion battery sector. However, about 90 percent of global manganese production is consumed by the steel sector, as, among other things, manganese can improve the strength, toughness and stiffness of steel.

Magnesium is known for its wide range of high-technology applications, with over 80 percent of global production coming from China. Tungsten and tantalum are both conflict minerals, meaning that many of the smaller companies exploring for these metals are focused on finding deposits in safe, secure places. China dominates the tungsten market, and tantalum is a key component of capacitors, with only a few mines solely dedicated to production of the metal.

Investors interested in investing in very rare critical metals also have options. Scandium is one critical metal that is currently produced only in very small amounts, but could have enormous potential, and tellurium is another that some market watchers have expressed optimism about in the past.

Critical metals investing: Where to start

Choosing which critical metals to invest in can be tricky, and unfortunately once you’ve made that choice you’ll still have work to do. That’s because figuring out how to actually invest in critical metals is often a difficult task. Why? Put simply, most of these metals are not traded on public exchanges, meaning that it’s difficult, if not impossible, to invest in them directly.

For that reason, many investors choose to invest in critical metals mining companies. Taking that path can also be hard, however. That’s partially because mining of many critical metals is done mainly by large, diversified miners — for example, major miner Anglo American (LSE:AAL,OTCQX:AAUKF) is a key manganese producer. It’s also common for critical metals mining companies to be privately owned.

As a result, investors often choose to gain exposure to critical metals by investing in small companies in the exploration stage. These companies can be risky to invest in, but with a little research it’s certainly possible to find some that are worthwhile. All in all, if you’re interested in critical metals, the best way to start is by jumping in and looking at the facts.