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Breaker Resources
Overview
A mining asset’s jurisdiction is often as critical as the deposit itself. A mining-friendly and politically stable jurisdiction allows mining companies to develop assets to their full potential without interruption or shifting regulations.
Breaker Resources (ASX:BRB) is an exploration and development mining company with a 1.7-million-ounce gold resource within a newly discovered gold district in Western Australia, 100 kilometers east of Kalgoorlie, in the heart of Australia's gold mining region. The company has been focusing on exploration and is now transitioning to developing its assets. Breaker also discovered the Manna lithium deposit on its tenement in 2018, a project that was upgraded through RC and diamond drilling and then sold for a total cash consideration of $87M in October 2022. The company has an experienced management team and sophisticated institutional investors moving its assets towards full development, with a strong cash position based on its divestment of Manna.
Western Australia has earned the top spot in the Fraser Institute’s annual report on top mining jurisdictions in the world, citing the Australian state’s geologic attractiveness and favorable government policies. Western Australia produces roughly 80% of Australia’s gold, and its mining industry accounts for approximately half of all national gold experts. Mining companies with assets in Western Australia are in an excellent position to become world-class operations.
The company has accounted for many of the high-risk elements involved with taking an asset from exploration to development.
Breaker’s flagship asset is the Lake Roe Gold Project, which holds an estimated 1.7 million ounces (Moz) of gold. To date, the company has identified a 9-kilometer-long gold system within 50 kilometers of prospective strike. Additionally, the company has a track record of consistent resource growth since 2018, generating one ounce of gold for every $40 spent after 315,000 meters of reverse circulation and diamond drilling.
One of Lake Roe’s key deposits, Bombora, is shaping up as a 3-kilometer-long single open-pit operation that will transition to an underground mine. This deposit is the company’s focus for early development, and the ability to transition to underground operations, offering a longer mine life and the ability to blend higher grade ore with material coming from the open pit.
Breaker Resources has two additional projects that add substantial depth and optionality to the company’s portfolio. The company has a 20 percent free-carried interest in the Manna Lithium Project, with Global Lithium Resources carrying all costs to completion of a positive bankable feasibility study (BFS). Breaker is also entitled to milestone payments of up to $20 million). A maiden mineral resource of 9.9 Mt @ 1.14 percent lithium oxide was announced on February 17, 2022 and drilling is expected to continue growing the resource. The Ularring Project is located 100 kilometers east of Perth, and just 45 kilometers east of Chalice’s Julimar project. Ularring has indications of a large gold-copper system and potential for a nickel-PGE discovery on an untested 20- to 30-kilometer-long ultramafic/mafic belt, with soil anomalies and electromagnetic targets. Both of these projects offer significant exploration upside to Breaker as they develop Lake Roe.
An experienced team leads the company with diverse backgrounds. Peter Cook, non-executive chairman, is a trained geologist with over 35 years of experience in developing gold mines and corporate management. Mark Edwards, non-executive director, has over 25 years of experience in resources and corporate law. Additional experienced managers round out the team and build confidence in their ability to lead Breaker Resources toward its ambitions.
Company Highlights
- Breaker Resources is an exploration and development mining company with a 1.7 Moz gold resource and a portfolio of quality assets in Western Australia, the world’s top mining jurisdiction for investment attractiveness, according to the Fraser Institute.
- The company has been conducting exploration programs and metallurgical testing that has significantly de-risked its asset portfolio. As a result, the company believes it has addressed the significant high-risk elements involved in taking a project into production.
- Lake Roe Gold, the company’s flagship project, has a track record of consistent resource growth dating back to 2018. It also contains a 9-kilometer gold system within a 50-kilometer prospective strike.
- The company’s other projects have potential to add a lot of value, including the potential to fund a significant component of the capex for a gold development.
- A strong, proven management team with decades of experience leads the company towards its ambitious goals.
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Transitioning From Explorer to Developer in Western Australia
Angkor Resources
Investor Insight
Angkor Resources is an emerging energy and mineral development company blending traditional oil and gas with copper and gold exploration in Cambodia, while generating revenue through oil production and carbon capture projects in Canada. With over a decade of operational experience in Southeast Asia and a reputation for sustainable practices, the company is strategically positioned to deliver both growth and resilience for investors.
Company Highlights
- Diversified Energy & Mineral Portfolio: Exposure to high-impact oil and gas exploration in Cambodia (Block VIII), recurring energy revenues in Canada, and copper-gold porphyry systems with gold epithermal near-surface prospects in Cambodia.
- Near-term Catalysts:
- Results from copper porphyry in Cambodia within 30 to 60 days;
- Seismic completion and interpretation for drill targets on Block VIII within 90 days; and
- Acquisition of oil production for increased recurring revenue streams.
- Transformational Asset: Block VIII is Cambodia’s first onshore oil and gas exploration license, strategically located near export infrastructure. Potential minimum targets estimated at 25 to 50+ million recoverable barrels.
- Revenue-backed Model: EnerCam Canada provides recurring revenue streams via oil production, water disposal, gas processing, and carbon capture solutions, insulating Angkor from over-reliance on equity markets.
- Strong ESG Commitment: Recognized at the United Nations for sustainability, Angkor integrates carbon capture, community partnerships and environmental responsibility into every project.
- Aligned Shareholder Base: Over 40 percent insider ownership with regular insider buying, demonstrating management’s confidence in long-term growth.
Overview
Founded in 2009 and publicly listed in 2011, Angkor Resources (TSXV:ANK,OTCQB:ANKOF) has built a unique dual-focused enterprise across energy and minerals in Asia and North America.
On the energy side, the company is advancing acquisition of cash flow through oil production and carbon capture in Canada, and is poised for transformational growth through the first-ever onshore oil and gas exploration program in Cambodia. Its Canadian subsidiary, EnerCam Exploration, is already generating revenue from oil production, water disposal and gas processing, while also implementing carbon gas capture and conversion solutions for provincial markets. In Southeast Asia, Angkor’s Cambodian subsidiary, EnerCam Resources, is spearheading a national-scale initiative to bring Cambodia its first domestic hydrocarbon energy, with exploration activities underway on the company’s Block VIII concession.
On the mineral side, Angkor has positioned itself as a first-mover in Cambodia’s underexplored mineral belts, holding licenses at Andong Meas and Andong Bor. These projects target both precious and base metals, with copper porphyry systems and high-grade gold mineralization now confirmed through exploration results.
Angkor’s strategy is designed to mitigate shareholder risk by diversifying revenue streams, blending recurring Canadian cash flow with high-impact exploration upside in Cambodia. The company’s management emphasizes hydrocarbons and copper as priorities, noting the potential value of 25 million recoverable barrels in Cambodia alongside significant copper-gold discoveries.
Key Projects
Onshore Cambodia – Block VIII Oil & Gas Concession
Angkor’s flagship asset is Block VIII, a 4,300 sq km oil and gas concession in Cambodia’s underexplored onshore sedimentary basin. The license, structured under a 30-year Production Sharing Agreement with renewal options, represents the first onshore hydrocarbon exploration license in the country. Geoscientific studies conducted by Danish, Canadian and European experts have identified strong indications of a foreland basin system and rift formations with significant petroleum potential. Over 21 natural oil seeps have been mapped and testing of the seeps by Schlumberger confirms the presence of hydrocarbons. Gas showings are also evident across the block.
The block is ideally located adjacent to export infrastructure, close to port with highway access to Phnom Penh and proximity to a deepwater port. Cambodia currently imports all of its petroleum products, making Block VIII strategically important both nationally and regionally. EnerCam, Angkor’s subsidiary, is implementing Cambodia’s first onshore 2D EnviroVibe seismic program, designed to minimize environmental footprint while mapping structural traps and stratigraphic features.
Technical projections suggest that once commercial quantity of recoverable hydrocarbons is proven, Block VIII could host Cambodia’s first onshore oil production. Angkor’s phased development plan includes completing seismic interpretation, definition of drill targets or additional 3D seismic followed by stratigraphic test wells and eventual development drilling. This project is expected to be the company’s most significant value driver and is prioritized as its number one corporate focus.
Canadian Energy & Carbon Capture – EnerCam Exploration
In Canada, Angkor operates through EnerCam Exploration Canada, which is a 40 percent interest holder in oil production and carbon solutions across 30 well sites spanning 516 hectares in Saskatchewan. These wells, shut in since 2018 due to low oil prices and mismanagement by previous operators, have been systematically refurbished and restarted. EnerCam participates in the full production cycle, including oil recovery, water separation and gas handling.
A key milestone was the acquisition of the pipeline network and compressor station, which resolved historical venting issues and allowed EnerCam to capture associated gas. This gas is converted into natural gas energy and sold into provincial markets. Angkor’s Canadian revenue streams also include water disposal fees, gas plant operations, and oil production revenues, supplemented by ongoing carbon capture and enhanced recovery of water conversion and injection wells projects.
Angkor holds a 40 percent interest in oil and gas production ventures in Saskatchewan, ensuring a recurring revenue stream. This platform not only offsets G&A costs but also provides a foundation for emission control and potential for further gas capture with surrounding producers in the area.
Cambodia Mineral Properties – Copper and Gold Portfolio
Through its subsidiary Angkor Gold Cambodia, the company holds a strategic portfolio of copper and gold assets in prospective belts. These licenses include Andong Bor and Andong Meas.
The Andong Bor license has emerged as a cornerstone of Angkor’s mineral portfolio. In June 2025, the company confirmed the presence of a copper-gold porphyry system, the first discovery of its kind in Cambodia. This breakthrough positions the project as a potential district-scale copper-gold system. Further drilling is expected to test depth extensions and delineate mineralized zones.
At the Andong Meas license, exploration has revealed high-grade gold mineralization, with surface samples returning assays up to 70 grams per ton (g/t) gold across a 0.8 km by 1.5 km area. This anomaly remains largely untested by drilling and represents a significant near-term target for resource expansion.
Management Team
Delayne Weeks – CEO
With over 25 years of global development experience spanning finance, business development, economic development and ESG initiatives. She has spearheaded Angkor’s CSR programs in Cambodia, earning UN recognition for sustainability leadership. Weeks has overseen Angkor’s transition into energy and its expansion into cash-flowing operations.
Mike Weeks – President, Executive VP Operations
Brings over four decades of operational and executive experience in international resource projects. Mike Weeks is president of Angkor Gold Corp. Cambodia and EnerCam Resources Cambodia. He has had a long and successful career in the oil and gas industry with over 30 years’ experience in project management of petroleum-related industries. Weeks also spent more than 15 years negotiating with foreign governments in developing and implementing natural resource licenses. His experience includes oil production in North Africa, engineering and design in Europe, the development of gas processing facilities and field and plant operations in Canada. Weeks has worked with international oil and gas producers including AEC West, Wintershall, Zuetina, Encana and Amoco.
Dennis Ouellette – VP Exploration, Minerals
Professional geologist with over 40 years of exploration experience in Canada, Central America and Asia. Dennis Ouellette has been a federal geologist in the Yukon for over five years, overseeing the exploration and mining industry across the Yukon by all industry participants. He leads Angkor’s mineral exploration programs, including the copper porphyry discovery at Andong Bor and a second porphyry target on Andong Meas. Ouellette has worked in multiple Canadian provinces, Nevada and Guatemala, and was the industry advocate director for the Yukon Chamber of Mines and president of Yukon Prospectors Association
Keith Edwards – Technical Manager, EnerCam Resources Cambodia
Keith Edwards is a senior geophysicist with over 39 years’ experience in all aspects of geophysics, from acquisition through processing to interpretation. He is known for his proven innovative problem-solving capabilities in software development, consulting services, interpretation and management. Edwards spent 12 years at Kuwait Oil company mentoring junior staff and performing many quantitative seismic interpretation projects. He developed several MatLab applications for Seismic Facies Classification, VSP integration, 3D design and many others.
Prince Silver: Advancing the Large-scale Prince Silver Project in Nevada
Prince Silver (CSE:PRNC,OTC:HWTNF) is a Vancouver-based exploration company advancing the Prince Silver project in southeastern Nevada. In July 2025, the company completed the transformational acquisition of Stampede Metals Corporation and rebranded from Hawthorn Resources to Prince Silver Corp. The flagship Prince project is a district-scale, past-producing silver-gold-zinc-manganese carbonate replacement system, historically mined for silver and base metals in the early to mid-1900s.
Aerial view of the Prince silver projectFully funded and technically refreshed, the company’s near-term priority is to validate and build upon the 129 historic drill holes (over 16,600 m) completed on the property, with the goal of converting the large JORC-compliant exploration target into a maiden NI 43-101 mineral resource.
A drill program is scheduled to begin in early September 2025, targeting the validation of legacy data, step-outs along mineralized trends, and continuity across the deposit’s multiple mantos, veins, and breccia zones. In parallel, the company will undertake metallurgical test work, geophysical refinement, and updated geological modeling to support a modern pit-constrained resource and underpin a longer-term development strategy.
Company Highlights
- Flagship project: 100 percent ownership of the historic Prince silver mine in Lincoln County, Nevada, an open, near-surface silver-gold-zinc carbonate replacement deposit with a 25 to 43 Mt exploration target and strong historic grades.
- The company’s second project, Stampede Gap, is about 15 km north west of the Prince mine. Stampede Gap is a large porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum with an extensive alteration zone that presents a deep seated exploration target.
- Clean corporate reset: Hawthorn Resources completed the Stampede Metals acquisition and re-listed as Prince Silver Corp. on July 11, 2025, issuing 15 million shares for the acquisition and raising ~C$4 million in gross proceeds to fund drilling.
- Fully funded summer drill program: ~6,500-m reverse-circulation set to begin early Sept 2025 to validate historic holes and step out along strike/dip to expand known mineralization and potential resources. .
- Tight share structure: 45.9 million shares outstanding post-financing; Stampede shareholders voluntarily locked-up for 12 months.
- Experienced, hands-on leadership: President Ralph Shearing, plus new directors Robert Wrixon and Darrell Rader, add mine-building, corporate and capital-markets depth to the company’s leadership team.
This Prince Silver profile is part of a paid investor education campaign.*
Click here to connect with Prince Silver (CSE:PRNC) to receive an Investor Presentation
What Was the Highest Price for Gold?
Gold market gurus from Lynette Zang to Chris Blasi to Jordan Roy-Byrne have shared eye-popping predictions on the gold price that would intrigue any investor — gold bug or not.
Some have posited that the gold price may rise as high as US$4,000 or US$5,000 per ounce, and there are those who believe that US$10,000 gold or even US$40,000 gold could become a reality.
These impressive price predictions have investors wondering, what is gold's all-time high (ATH)?
In the past year, gold has reached new all-time highs dozens of times. Find out what has driven it to these levels, plus how the gold price has moved historically and what has impacted its performance in recent years.
In this article
How is gold traded?
Before discovering what the highest gold price ever was, it’s worth looking at how the precious metal is traded. Knowing the mechanics behind gold's historical moves can help illuminate why and how its price changes.
Gold bullion is traded in dollars and cents per ounce, with activity taking place worldwide at all hours, resulting in a live price. Investors trade gold in major commodities markets such as New York, London, Tokyo and Hong Kong.
London is seen as the center of physical precious metals trading, including for silver. The COMEX division of the New York Mercantile Exchange is home to most paper trading.
There are many popular ways to invest in gold. The first is through purchasing gold bullion products such as bullion bars, bullion coins and rounds. Physical gold is sold on the spot market, meaning that buyers pay a specific price per ounce for the metal and then have it delivered or stored in a secure facility. In some parts of the world, such as India, buying gold in the form of jewelry is the largest and most traditional route to investing in gold.
Another path to gold investment is paper trading, which is done through the gold futures market. Participants enter into gold futures contracts for the delivery of gold in the future at an agreed-upon price.
In such contracts, two positions can be taken: a long position under which delivery of the metal is accepted or a short position to provide delivery of the metal. Paper trading as a means to invest in gold can provide investors with the flexibility to liquidate assets that aren’t available to those who possess physical gold bullion.
One significant long-term advantage of trading in the paper market is that investors can benefit from gold’s safe-haven status without needing to store it. Furthermore, gold futures trading can offer more financial leverage in that it requires less capital than trading in the physical market. Investors can also purchase physical gold via the futures market, but the process is complicated and lengthy and comes with a large investment and additional costs.
Aside from those options, market participants can invest in gold through exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Investing in a gold ETF is similar to trading a gold stock on an exchange, and there are numerous gold ETF options to choose from depending on your preference. For instance, some ETFs focus solely on physical gold bullion, while others focus on gold futures contracts. Other gold ETFs center on gold-mining stocks or follow the gold spot price.
It is important to understand that you will not own any physical gold when investing in an ETF — in general, even a gold ETF that tracks physical gold cannot be redeemed for tangible metal.
Gold has an interesting relationship with the stock market. The two often move in sync during “risk-on periods” when investors are bullish. On the flip side, they tend to become inversely correlated in times of volatility.
According to the World Gold Council, gold's ability to decouple from the stock market during periods of stress makes it “unique amongst most hedges in the marketplace.” It is often during these times that gold outperforms the stock market. For that reason, it is often used as a portfolio diversifier to hedge against uncertainty.
There are a variety of options for investing in gold stocks, including gold-mining stocks on the TSX and ASX, gold juniors, precious metals royalty companies and gold stocks that pay dividends.
What was the highest gold price ever?
The gold price peaked at US$3,685.34, its all-time high, during trading on September 15, 2025.
What drove it to this new ATH? Gold reached its new highest price the day before the September US Federal Reserve meeting at which an interest rate cut is widely expected.
On September 12, the prior trading day, the release of US consumer price index (CPI) data for August showed the overall inflation rose to 2.9 percent on an annual basis and 0.4 percent over July. Weak jobs data the week before further fueled expectations of a rate cut at the upcoming US Fed meeting.
While gold's fresh ATH came on September 15, the week before, gold's record breaking run officially surpassed its inflation adjusted all-time high of US$850 per ounce set in January 1980.
It has set multiple news highs in the preceding weeks amid significant uncertainty in the US and global economies and surging gold ETF purchases.
One key driver came on August 29, when a US federal appeals court ruled that US President Donald Trump's "Liberation Day" tariffs, announced in April, are illegal, stating that only Congress has the power to enact widespread tariffs. The Trump administration is expected to appeal the ruling, which will go into effect on October 14.
Bond market turmoil in the US and abroad on September 2 also provided tailwinds for the gold price.
Why is the gold price setting new highs in 2025?
Gold's record-setting activity extends beyond the last two weeks as well.
Increased economic and geopolitical turmoil caused by the Trump administration has been a tailwind for gold this year, as well as a weakening US dollar, sticky inflation in the country and increased safe-haven gold demand.
Since coming into office in late January, Trump has threatened or enacted tariffs on many countries, including blanket tariffs on longtime US allies Canada and Mexico and tariffs on the EU.
Trump has also implemented 25 percent tariffs on all steel and aluminum imports.
The gold price set a string of new highs in the month of April amid high market volatility as markets reacted to tariff decisions from Trump and the escalating trade war between the US and China. By April 11, Trump had raised US tariffs on Chinese imports to 145 percent and China had raised its tariffs on US products to 125 percent. Trump has reiterated that the US may need to go through a period of economic pain to enter a new "golden age" of economic prosperity.
Falling markets and a declining US dollar have supported gold too, as well as increased buying from China. Elon Musk's call to audit the gold holdings in Fort Knox has also brought attention to the yellow metal.
What factors have driven the gold price in the last five years?
Despite these recent runs, gold has seen its share of both peaks and troughs over the last decade. After remaining rangebound between US$1,100 and US$1,300 from 2014 to early 2019, gold pushed above US$1,500 in the second half of 2019 on a softer US dollar, rising geopolitical issues and a slowdown in economic growth.
Gold’s first breach of the significant US$2,000 price level in mid-2020 was due in large part to economic uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. To break through that barrier and reach what was then a record high, the yellow metal added more than US$500, or 32 percent, to its value in the first eight months of 2020.
Gold price chart, August 31, 2020, to September 1, 2025.
Chart via the Investing News Network.
The gold price surpassed that level again in early 2022 as Russia's invasion of Ukraine collided with rising inflation around the world, increasing the allure of safe-haven assets and pulling the yellow metal up to a price of US$2,074.60 on March 8. However, it fell throughout the rest of 2022, dropping below US$1,650 in October.
Although it didn't quite reach the level of volatility as the previous year, the gold price experienced drastic price changes in 2023 on the back of banking instability, high interest rates and the breakout of war in the Middle East.
After central bank buying pushed the gold price up to the US$1,950.17 mark by the end of January, the Fed's 0.25 percent rate hike on February 1 sparked a retreat as the dollar and treasury yields saw gains. The precious metal went on to fall to its lowest price level of the year at US$1,809.87 on February 23.
The banking crisis that hit the US in early March caused a domino effect through the global financial system and led to the mid-March collapse of Credit Suisse, Switzerland’s second-largest bank. The gold price had jumped to US$1,989.13 by March 15. The continued fallout in the global banking system throughout the second quarter of the year allowed gold to break above US$2,000 on April 3, and go on to flirt with a near-record high of US$2,049.92 on May 3.
Those gains were tempered by the Fed’s ongoing rate hikes and improvements in the banking sector, resulting in a downward trend in the gold price throughout the remainder of the second quarter and throughout Q3. By October 4, gold had fallen to a low of US$1,820.01 and analysts expected the precious metal to drop below US$1,800.
That was before the October 7 attacks by Hamas on Israel ignited legitimate fears of a much larger conflict erupting in the Middle East. Reacting to those fears, and to rising expectations that the Fed would begin to reverse course on interest rates, gold broke through the important psychological level of US$2,000 and closed at US$2,007.08 on October 27. As the fighting intensified, gold reached a then-new high of US$2,152.30 in intraday trading on December 3.
That robust momentum in the spot gold price continued into 2024, chasing new highs on fears of a looming US recession, the promise of Fed rate cuts on the horizon, the worsening conflict in the Middle East and the tumultuous US presidential election year. By mid-March, gold was pushing up against the US$2,200 level.
That record-setting momentum continued into the second quarter of 2024, when gold broke through US$2,400 in mid-April on strong central bank buying, sovereign debt concerns in China and investors expecting the Fed to start cutting interest rates. The precious metal went on to hit US$2,450.05 on May 20.
Throughout the summer, the hits kept on coming.
The global macro environment was highly bullish for gold leading up to the US election. Following the failed assassination attempt on Trump and a statement about coming rate cuts by Fed Chair Jerome Powell, the gold spot price hit a then new all-time high on July 16 at US$2,469.30. One week later, news that then-President Joe Biden would not seek re-election and would instead pass the baton to Vice President Kamala Harris eased some of the tension in the stock market and strengthened the US dollar. This also pushed the price of gold down to US$2,387.99 on July 22, 2024.
However, the bullish factors supporting gold remained in play, and the spot price for gold went on to breach US$2,500 on August 2 that year on a less-than-stellar US jobs report; it closed just above the US$2,440 level. A few weeks later, gold pushed past US$2,500 once again on August 16, closing above that level for the first time ever after the US Department of Commerce released data showing a fifth consecutive monthly decrease in a row for homebuilding.
The news that the Chinese government issued new gold import quotas to banks in the country following a two month pause also helped fuel the gold price rally. Central bank gold buying has been a significant tailwind for the gold price this year, and China's central bank has been one of the strongest buyers.
Market watchers expected the Fed to cut interest rates by a quarter point at its September 2024 meeting, but news on September 12 that the regulators were still deciding between the expected cut or a larger half-point cut led the gold price on a rally that carried through into the next day, bringing the metal near US$2,600.
At the September 18 Fed meeting, the committee ultimately made the decision to cut rates by half a point, news that sent gold even higher. By September 20, it had moved above US$2,600 and was holding above US$2,620.
In October 2024, gold first breached the US$2,700 level and continued to higher on a variety of factors, including further rate cuts and economic data anticipation, the escalating conflict in the Middle East between Israel and Hezbollah, and economic stimulus in China — not to mention the very close race between the US presidential candidates.
While the gold price fell following Trump's win in early November and largely held under US$2,700 through the end of the year, it began trending upward in 2025 to the new all-time high discussed earlier in the article.
What's next for the gold price?
What's next for the gold price is never an easy call to make. There are many factors to consider, but some of the most prevalent long-term drivers include economic expansion, market risk, opportunity cost and momentum.
Economic expansion is one of the primary gold price contributors as it facilitates demand growth in several categories, including jewelry, technology and investment. As the World Gold Council explains, “This is particularly true in developing economies where gold is often used as a luxury item and a means to preserve wealth.”
Market risk is also a prime catalyst for gold values as investors view the precious metal as the “ultimate safe haven,” and a hedge against currency depreciation, inflation and other systemic risks.
Going forward, in addition to the Fed, inflation and geopolitical events, experts will be looking for cues from factors like supply and demand. In terms of supply, the world’s five top gold producers are China, Australia, Russia, Canada and the US. The consensus in the gold market is that major miners have not spent enough on gold exploration in recent years. Gold mine production has fallen from around 3,200 to 3,300 metric tons (MT) each year between 2018 and 2020 to around 3,000 to 3,100 MT each year between 2021 and 2023.
On the demand side, China and India are the biggest buyers of physical gold, and are in a perpetual fight for the title of world’s largest gold consumer. That said, it's worth noting that the last few years have brought a big rebound in central bank gold buying, which dropped to a record low in 2020, but reached a 55 year high of 1,136 MT in 2022.
World Gold Council data shows 2024 central bank gold purchases came to 1,044.6 MT, marking the third year in a row above 1,000 MT. In H1 2025, the organization says gold purchases from central banks reached 415.1 MT.
“I expect the Fed’s rate-cutting cycle to be good for gold, but central bank buying has been and remains a major factor," Lobo Tiggre, CEO of IndependentSpeculator.com, told the Investing News Network (INN) at the start of Q4 2024.
David Barrett, CEO of the UK division of global brokerage firm EBC Financial Group, is also keeping an eye on central bank purchases of gold. “I still see the global central bank buying as the main driver — as it has been over the last 15 years,” the expert said in an email to INN. "This demand removes supply from the market. They are the ultimate buy-and-hold participants and they have been buying massive amounts."
In addition to central bank moves, analysts are also watching escalating tensions in the Middle East, a weakening US dollar, declining bond yields and further interest rate cuts as factors that could push gold higher as investors look to secure their portfolios. “When it comes to outside factors that affect the market, it’s just tailwind after tailwind after tailwind. So I don’t really see the trend changing,” said Eric Coffin of Hard Rock Analyst.
Randy Smallwood of Wheaton Precious Metals (TSX:WPM,NYSE:WPM) told INN in March 2025 that gold is seeing support from many factors, including central bank buying, nervousness around the US dollar and stronger institutional interest. Smallwood is seeing an influx of fund managers wanting to learn about precious metals.
Joe Cavatoni, senior market strategist, Americas, at the World Gold Council, believes that market risk and uncertainty surrounding tariffs and continued demand from central banks are the main drivers of gold.
"Market risk in particular is a key strategic driver for the gold price and performance," Cavatoni told INN in a July 2025 interview. "Think strategically when you think about gold, and keep that allocation in mind."
Check out more of INN's interviews to find out what experts have said about the gold price during its 2025 bull run and where it could go next.
Should you beware of gold price manipulation?
It’s important for investors to be aware that gold price manipulation is a hot topic in the industry.
In 2011, when gold hit what was then a record high, it dropped swiftly in just a few short years. This decline after three years of impressive gains led many in the gold sector to cry foul and point to manipulation.
Early in 2015, 10 banks were hit in a US probe on precious metals manipulation.
Evidence provided by Deutsche Bank (NYSE:DB) showed “smoking gun” proof that UBS Group (NYSE:UBS), HSBC Holdings (NYSE:HSBC), the Bank of Nova Scotia (TSX:BNS,NYSE:BNS and other firms were involved in rigging gold and silver rates in the market from 2007 to 2013. Not long after, the long-running London gold fix was replaced by the LBMA gold price in a bid to increase gold price transparency. The twice-a-day process, operated by the ICE Benchmark Administration, still involves a variety of banks collaborating to set the gold price, but the system is now electronic.
Still, manipulation has by no means been eradicated, as a 2020 fine on JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE:JPM) shows. The next year, chat logs were released in a spoofing trial for two former precious metals traders from the Bank of America's (NYSE:BAC) Merrill Lynch unit. They show a trader bragging about how easy it is to manipulate the gold price.
Gold market participants have consistently spoken out about manipulation. In mid-2020, Chris Marcus, founder of Arcadia Economics and author of the book “The Big Silver Short,” said that when gold fell back below the US$2,000 mark after hitting close to US$2,070, he saw similarities to what happened with the gold price in 2011.
Marcus has been following the gold and silver markets with a focus specifically on price manipulation for nearly a decade. His advice? “Trust your gut. I believe we’re witnessing the ultimate ’emperor’s really naked’ moment. This isn’t complex financial analysis. Sometimes I think of it as the greatest hypnotic thought experiment in history.”
Investor takeaway
While we have the answer to what the highest gold price ever is as of now, it remains to be seen how high gold can climb, and if the precious metal can reach as high as US$5,000, US$10,000 or even US$40,000.
Even so, many market participants believe gold is a must have in any investment profile, and there is little doubt investors will continue to see gold price action making headlines this year and beyond.
This is an updated version of an article first published by the Investing News Network in 2020.
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Securities Disclosure: I, Lauren Kelly, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Editorial Disclosure: The Investing News Network does not guarantee the accuracy or thoroughness of the information reported in the interviews it conducts. The opinions expressed in these interviews do not reflect the opinions of the Investing News Network and do not constitute investment advice. All readers are encouraged to perform their own due diligence.