Key Objectives:
Work to establish a binding offtake agreement for the supply of mixed rare earth carbonates from Australia to the USA through enhanced collaboration
American Rare Earths Limited, (ASX: ARR | OTCQX: ARRNF | ADR: AMRRY) (“ARR” or the “Company”) is pleased to advise that following an extensive strategic review focusing on the development of the Halleck Creek resource, the Board has undertaken operational and structural changes to best position the Halleck Creek Project as a strategic resource to US markets. These changes will make Halleck Creek more accessible to major US investors to help facilitate its development while enhancing value to our existing shareholders.
Highlights
WRI will focus on development of the Cowboy State Mine on a portion of the Halleck Creek Wyoming State Tenements. With the recent energy fund grant from the State of Wyoming and pathway to permitting, WRI is positioned to accelerate development of one of the largest rare earth deposits in North America. The Project has significant upside potential with less than 75% of mineralised zones yet to be drilled and deposit remaining open at depth. As released to the market on 18 March 2024, the Scoping Study identified the fundamental commercial viability of this approach, with an NPV of US$673.9m, an IRR of 22.5% and payback period of 2.9 years, with total initial capex of US$456.1m1.
ARR Chairman, Richard Hudson commented: “This new focus represents a pivotal moment for ARR. By creating a dedicated subsidiary for the Halleck Creek Project, we are positioning the Company to unlock significant value and accelerate the development of a critical resource for the US. These changes will not only streamline our operations but enable us to better increase shareholder value long term.”
Enhanced Operational Focus for Wyoming Rare (USA) Inc.
To advance the development of the Halleck Creek Project, WRI will be led by the following highly experienced leadership team:
Sten Gustafson, Vice Chair of the American Rare Earths Board, has been appointed Chairman of WRI. Sten is currently the Chief Executive Officer and a Director of Pyrophyte Acquisition Corp. (NYSE: PHYT), a SPAC focused on companies that provide products, services, equipment and technologies that support a variety of energy transition solutions. Sten is a highly experienced energy service industry executive, investment banker and corporate securities attorney. With over 25 years of experience in the global energy sector, Sten has advised on more than 100 corporate transactions worldwide for over US$100b of transaction value.
Joe Evers, ARR’s current General Counsel will be appointed President for WRI. He was instrumental in securing a US$7.1 million grant from the State of Wyoming with support from partners Wyoming Energy Authority and the University of Wyoming Energy Resources Council. Joe has served in various leadership roles throughout the energy and mining industry, held positions of increasing responsibility in a publicly traded oil and gas company, served as corporate counsel at an international mining company and worked with clients engaged in natural resource development in the Rocky Mountain region. Joe is a graduate of the University of Wyoming and a Sheridan, Wyoming native.
John Mansanti will be appointed as a Senior Advisor to WRI supporting the development of the Cowboy State mine. John will be instrumental to advance the project and will be resigning from the ARR Board to support WRI. John has more than 45 years’ experience leading successful teams in project development, engineering, project financing, capital execution, and operations in North America. John led several teams in the successful procurement of project permits and project execution.
ARR will continue its exploration activities in both Australia and America particularly focusing on critical minerals.
Donald Swartz has decided to explore new opportunities, while continuing to provide advisory services during the transition to new leadership over the next 90 days. Chris Gibbs will be appointed as Chief Executive Officer of the Company. With over 25 years in the resource industry, Chris brings a wealth of experience in executive, operational, and strategic leadership roles across various major global stock exchanges. Currently on the ARR Board as a Non- Executive Director, he was previously the CEO and Managing Director for the Company. Chris is also on the Board of Directors for the Critical Minerals Institute.
ARR Chairman, Richard Hudson, commented“The Halleck Creek Project is key to the State of Wyoming, and we are committed to delivering value for our shareholders through dedicated development and strategic partnerships. The changes we have determined will allow the full value of Halleck Creek to be realised as a strategic project for North America, while ensuring ARR continues its highly successful exploration activities in pursuit of our vision to be a leading player in the critical minerals sector.”
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This article includes content from American Rare Earths Limited, licensed for the purpose of publishing on Investing News Australia. This article does not constitute financial product advice. It is your responsibility to perform proper due diligence before acting upon any information provided here. Please refer to our full disclaimer here.
ChemX Materials (ASX:CMX) (ChemX or the Company), an Australian high purity critical materials company and 100%-owner of the HiPurA® patented process to produce High Purity Alumina (HPA) in O’Connor, Western Australia is pleased to advise it has received A$250,000 from a short term loan facility (R&D funding method) secured against the estimated R&D Tax incentive refund for FY24.
ChemX continues to seek accelerated non-dilutive forms of funding and has opted into a facility with Radium Capital to provide early access to its eligible R&D tax refund.
The company will invest approximately A$200,000 in control system engineering, which will deliver augmented safety and automation of the unique HiPurA® process. This enhancement will reduce future operational expenditure (Opex) requirements, early establish the nucleus of a future commercial plant control system and provide additional functionality for optimisation of key process parameters.
Under the facility, ChemX has now received 45% of its eligible R&D tax refund in a tranche 1 (A$250,000), and is expected to receive a further 35% of its eligible R&D tax refund by way of a tranche 2 ($A191,935) in coming weeks. The remaining 20% (less administration and interest fees) will be received in the final quarter of calendar 2024, with an estimated total FY24 eligible tax refund of $A552,419.
Radium Capital is a R&D finance provider offering advance access to eligible R&D funds, secured against the assessed tax rebate.
Chief Executive Officer, Peter Lee commented:
“As an innovative high purity materials company, ChemX, is focussed on the near-term delivery of its HPA Pilot Plant based in O’Connor, WA. Being able to accelerate our eligible R&D tax refund enables us to directly inject these non-dilutive funds back into the HPA Program and efficiently use our capital to deliver on our key projects”.
“In January 2024, ChemX was awarded an Australian Patent for the production of 4N (99.99%) HPA, and the company expects other international jurisdictions to follow in the coming six to 24 months. ChemX is proud of our Australian patent and consequently much of our pioneering chemistry-focussed development is R&D tax refund eligible.”
Click here for the full ASX Release
This article includes content from ChemX Materials, licensed for the purpose of publishing on Investing News Australia. This article does not constitute financial product advice. It is your responsibility to perform proper due diligence before acting upon any information provided here. Please refer to our full disclaimer here.
Hastings Technology Metals (ASX:HAS,OTC Pink:HSRMF) shared a maiden resource estimate for its flagship Western Australia-based Yangibana rare earths and niobium project on Wednesday (September 4).
In a press release, the company reported a measured and indicated niobium pentoxide resource of 6.74 million tonnes at 2,305 parts per million for 15,501 tonnes of niobium pentoxide.
Hastings describes niobium as a key metal for technology, noting that it can make steel lighter and stronger, and can be used in high-tech alloys and for faster recharging of lithium-ion batteries.
Currently about 90 percent of global niobium production comes out of Brazil.
Yangibana's Bald Hill and Simon’s Find deposits are included in the resource estimate, with niobium pentoxide concentrations occurring in the form of ferrocolumbite, a mineral with a high niobium content.
“The maiden Niobium Mineral Resource Estimate is an important step towards providing a multi-commodity recovery process stream and by-product credit income,” said Dr Louis Schürmann, chief geologist of Hastings.
The company also highlights Yangibana's liberation potential and opportunities for tailings recovery, and notes that Bald Hill and Simon’s Find are near the area where it plans to construct a process plant.
"Hastings have been working closely with its partners to optimise the Yangibana process plant for rare earth recovery. Hastings see another opportunity at Yangibana to include an additional Niobium recovery circuit," said COO Tim Gilbert.
“Initial test work indicates a relatively simple circuit comprising magnetic separation and float circuit, positioned after and in series with the rare earths circuit, to recover Niobium and Zircon/hafnium concentrates in two streams.”
Located approximately 250 kilometres northeast of Carnarvon in Western Australia, Yangibana hosts the Gifford Creek carbonatite, which Hastings said is an important depository of rare earths and critical metals.
The project was discovered in 2014 and has been progressing since, with the Northern Australia Infrastructure Facility granting Hastings a AU$220 million loan in 2022 to advance the asset.
Hastings expects to start production at Yangibana in 2026.
Don’t forget to follow us @INN_Australia for real-time news updates!
Securities Disclosure: I, Gabrielle de la Cruz, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Key Objectives:
Work to establish a binding offtake agreement for the supply of mixed rare earth carbonates from Australia to the USA through enhanced collaboration
Establish an investment pathway for Ucore into ABx
Bolster relationships between the United States and Australia as both countries strive to enhance critical minerals and clean energy projects
ABx Group (ASX: ABX) ("ABx") and Ucore Rare Metals Inc. (TSXV: UCU) (OTCQX: UURAF) ("Ucore") are pleased to announce the September 3, 2024, execution of a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU") that describes the collaborative pathway ABx and Ucore will embark on to advance to:
a binding offtake agreement for the supply of a mixed rare earth carbonate ("MREC") by ABx to Ucore, and;
an opportunity for Ucore to invest in the ABx rare earths project in Tasmania.
ABx is an Australian public company headquartered in South Melbourne, Victoria, that has established an ionic adsorption clay rare earth element ("REE") resource in northern Tasmania. The grades of the two key heavy rare earths, dysprosium and terbium, are the highest of any clay-hosted rare earths resource in Australia and comparable to the highest in the world. Metallurgical testing by the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation ("ANSTO") has confirmed that samples from the resource have the highest ionic proportion of any clay-hosted rare earths resource in Australia.
Ucore is a Canadian public company headquartered in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with a patent-pending rare earth separation technology, RapidSX™. Ucore is currently undertaking heavy and light rare earth element separation at demonstration scale at its RapidSX™ Commercialization and Demonstration Facility ("CDF") in Kingston, Ontario. Participants include the US Department of Defense and the Canadian Government as Ucore implements its technology transfer plan from demonstration scale to commercial scale at its developing Louisiana Strategic Metals Complex ("SMC") in Alexandria, Louisiana, USA.
Key Features of the MOU:
ABx and Ucore will work toward an arrangement for the preferred annual volume of intermediate rare earth product, which is envisaged to be a MREC, to be supplied by ABx to Ucore.
The intent is for Ucore to obtain 'first right of refusal' for 50% of ABx annual volume for a minimum period of five years, subject to the agreement of commercial terms.
The parties will explore potential investment by Ucore into the ABx rare earth project as well as project finance opportunities for the ABx and Ucore projects, which may involve joint approaches to companies active in the rare earth value chain, governments, institutional funds, and private investors.
ABx and Ucore will collaborate to develop and optimise:
a comprehensive product flowsheet considering where best to implement collective project efficiencies; and
a total project development strategy, including laboratory, pilot, and demonstration plant testing.
ABx and Ucore will share information on global rare earth markets, particularly for the permanent magnet rare earths, with the objective of identifying opportunities for and mitigating risks to the ABx and Ucore projects.
Pat Ryan, P.Eng., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Ucore, stated:
"Ucore is excited to engage with ABx as we continue our efforts to establish a Western supply chain comprising diverse global projects. The prospect of securing a stable supply of MREC with high heavy rare earth content from Australia is very appealing to Ucore. This partnership builds on our commitment to establish relationships within the Australian private sector and between US and Australian government agencies as we work to establish rare earth manufacturing in the United States and across the West."
Mark Cooksey, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of ABx, stated:
"ABx is delighted to be partnering with Ucore, who are rapidly progressing towards commercial rare earth separation and form a critical element in the establishment of a North American rare earths supply chain. Ucore's progress and strategic importance is evidenced by their demonstration plant in Canada and significant financial support from both the Canadian and US governments.
"This agreement is further validation of the prospects for the ABx rare earth project in northern Tasmania. We are passionate about bringing our project into production as soon as possible to supply the rare earth elements required for the energy transition."
# # #
About Ucore Rare Metals Inc.
Ucore is focused on rare- and critical-metal resources, extraction, beneficiation, and separation technologies with the potential for production, growth, and scalability. Ucore's vision and plan is to become a leading advanced technology company, providing best-in-class metal separation products and services to the mining and mineral extraction industry.
Through strategic partnerships, this plan includes disrupting the People's Republic of China's control of the North American REE supply chain through the near-term establishment of a heavy and light rare-earth processing facility in the U.S. State of Louisiana, subsequent Strategic Metal Complexes in Canada and Alaska and the longer-term development of Ucore's 100% controlled Bokan-Dotson Ridge Rare Heavy REE Project on Prince of Wales Island in Southeast Alaska, USA.
Ucore is listed on the TSXV under the trading symbol "UCU" and in the United States on the OTC Markets' OTCQX® Best Market under the ticker symbol "UURAF."
CONTACTS
Mr. Michael Schrider, P.E., Ucore Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, is responsible for the Ucore content in this news release and may be contacted at 1.902.482.5214.
For additional information, please contact:
Mark MacDonald
Vice President, Investor Relations
Ucore Rare Metals Inc.
1.902.482.5214
mark@ucore.com
About ABx Group Limited
ABx Group Limited (ABx) is a uniquely positioned Australian company delivering materials for a cleaner future.
The two areas of focus are:
There is also a niche business of mining and enhancing bauxite resources for cement, aluminium and fertiliser production.
ABx endorses best practices on agricultural land and strives to leave land and environment better than we find it. We only operate where welcomed.
This announcement is approved for release by the ABx board of directors.
For further information please contact:
Dr Mark Cooksey MD & CEO ABx Group +61 447 201 536 mcooksey@abxgroup.com.au www.abxgroup.com.au | Media Chapter One Advisors David Tasker / Alex Baker +61 433 112 936 / +61 432 801 745 dtasker@chapteroneadvisors.com.au / abaker@chapteroneadvisors.com.au |
Forward-Looking Statements and Cautionary Notes
This announcement includes certain statements that may be deemed "forward-looking statements" by either ABx or Ucore (the "Companies"). All statements in this announcement (other than statements of historical facts) that address future business development and/or acquisition activities (including any related commercial production activities), timelines, events or developments that the Companies expect, are forward looking statements. Although the Companies believe the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance or results and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in forward-looking statements.
For additional risks and uncertainties regarding Ucore, its CDF, its planned commercial activities, and its ongoing Programs (generally), see the risk disclosure in Ucore's MD&A for Q1-2024 (filed on SEDAR on August 27, 2024) (www.sedarplus.ca).
Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined by the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
To view the source version of this press release, please visit https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/222083
News Provided by Newsfile via QuoteMedia
Turkey is looking to collaborate with China on rare earths processing as part of a broader initiative to bolster the country’s presence in the electric vehicle (EV) and battery markets.
According to Bloomberg, the initiative is a strategic move that Turkey hopes will enhance its appeal to Chinese manufacturers, including major companies like BYD (OTC Pink:BYDDF,SZSE:002594), the world's largest EV producer.
Under the leadership of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the Turkish government has been proactive in seeking Chinese involvement in the exploitation and processing of rare earth elements.
In 2022, Turkey discovered a large deposit of the critical metals in Beylikova, near Eskisehir in Central Anatolia.
Since then, Turkey has positioned itself as a potentially key player in the global rare earths supply chain, targeting various high-tech applications such as EVs and renewable energy technologies.
The country is hopeful that it can go beyond being only a rare earths supplier, and is seeking to establish a comprehensive value chain that includes processing, manufacturing and final production stages.
A successful partnership with China — a global rare earths and EV powerhouse — could position Turkey as a more attractive destination for Chinese companies looking to expand their manufacturing capabilities.
In line with these efforts, Turkey plans to send Energy Minister Alparslan Bayraktar to China in October to engage in advanced discussions with officials in the country. The delegation will aim to finalize details regarding the collaboration as both nations explore opportunities for cooperation in the rare earth elements sector.
The upcoming visit will follow Erdogan’s earlier discussions with Chinese President Xi Jinping in Kazakhstan, where they explored the potential for joint development of Turkey’s rare earths deposits.
If successful, the partnership will come at a time when China is tightening its grip on its rare earths sector — the Asian nation recently announced plans to implement stricter regulations on the mining, smelting and trading of rare earths.
These new rules, which will be effective starting on October 1, emphasize state ownership of rare earths resources and require detailed traceability for all enterprises involved in the sector. The regulations also include restrictions on the export of technology related to rare earth magnets, which are vital for EVs and other advanced technologies.
Don’t forget to follow us @INN_Resource for real-time news updates!
Securities Disclosure: I, Giann Liguid, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Ucore Rare Metals Inc. (TSXV: UCU) (OTCQX: UURAF) ("Ucore" or the "Company") advises that an aggregate of 965,000 options have been granted to directors, officers, employees and consultants of the Company, subject to the approval of the TSX Venture Exchange. The options are exercisable into common shares at a price of $0.70 per share and the options expire five years from September 2, 2024, the date of grant. One third of the options will vest after six months, with one third vesting every six months thereafter until fully vested.
The Company further reports that an aggregate of 960,000 restricted share units have been granted to officers and employees of the Company. The restricted share units will vest over a three-year period, with the first third vesting 12 months from the date of grant.
In addition, further to its press release of April 26, 2024, the Company reports that it has completed its previously announced amendments to the terms of a total of 1,145 convertible debentures (representing an aggregate face value of $1,145,000) with a previous maturity of May 31, 2024 (the "2020 Convertible Debentures").
The 2020 Convertible Debentures were originally sold and issued by the Company in May 2020. These unsecured 2020 Convertible Debentures bear interest at a rate of 7.5% payable semi-annually. At any time during the term of the 2020 Convertible Debentures, a holder may have elected to convert the outstanding net principal amount, or any portion thereof, into units at a conversion price of $1.20 per unit. Each unit shall have consisted of one common share of the Company (a "Common Share") and one-half of a warrant with each whole warrant entitling the holder to acquire a Common Share at an exercise price of $1.80 for a period ending on the maturity date.
The Company has extended the term of the 2020 Convertible Debentures so that the new maturity date of these 1,145 convertible debentures is January 31, 2026. Further, the Company has incorporated the following amended conversion features. At any time during the term of the 2020 Convertible Debentures, a holder may elect to convert the outstanding net principal amount, or any portion thereof, into units at a conversion price of $0.90 per unit instead of the previous conversion price of $1.20 per unit. Each unit still consists of one Common Share and one-half of a Common Share purchase warrant, but the exercise price of each whole warrant has been amended to be $1.30 per Common Share. The term of these underlying warrants has also been amended to reflect the new maturity date of the 2020 Convertible Debentures, resulting in these warrants being exercisable until January 31, 2026. In consideration for the extension and amendments, the Company has paid a restructuring fee equal to six months of interest. The other terms of the 2020 Convertible Debentures remain unchanged.
Certain of the 2020 Convertible Debentures are owned by related parties of the Company. Specifically, Pat Ryan (Ucore's Chairman and CEO) holds 10 of the 2020 Convertible Debentures (representing a principal amount of $10,000) and Peter Manuel (Ucore's CFO) holds 25 of the 2020 Convertible Debentures (representing a principal amount of $25,000). The above-described transactions with Mr. Ryan and Mr. Manuel are considered to be related party transactions within the meaning of Multilateral Instrument 61-01 Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions ("MI 61-101"). The transactions are exempt from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61-101 since neither the fair market value of the subject matter of, nor the fair market value of the consideration for, the transaction, insofar as it involves interested parties, exceeds 25% of the Company's market capitalization.
The aforementioned amendments to the 2020 Convertible Debentures remain subject to the final acceptance of the TSX Venture Exchange.
# # #
About Ucore Rare Metals Inc.
Ucore is focused on rare- and critical-metal resources, extraction, beneficiation, and separation technologies with the potential for production, growth, and scalability. Ucore has an effective 100% ownership stake in the Bokan-Dotson Ridge Rare Earth Element Project in Southeast Alaska, USA. Ucore's vision and plan is to become a leading advanced technology company, providing best-in-class metal separation products and services to the mining and mineral extraction industry.
Through strategic partnerships, this plan includes disrupting the People's Republic of China's control of the North American REE supply chain through the near-term development of a heavy and light rare-earth processing facility in Alexandria, Louisiana, subsequent SMCs in Alaska and Canada and the longer-term development of Ucore's heavy-rare-earth-element mineral-resource property at Bokan Mountain on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. Ucore is listed on the TSXV under the trading symbol "UCU" and in the United States on the OTC Markets' OTCQX® Best Market under the ticker symbol "UURAF."
For further information, please visit www.ucore.com/corporateupdate.
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release includes certain statements that may be deemed "forward-looking statements." All statements in this release (other than statements of historical facts) that address future business development, technological development and/or acquisition activities (including any related required financings), timelines, events, or developments that the Company is pursuing are forward-looking statements. Although the Company believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance or results, and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in forward-looking statements.
Regarding the disclosure in the press release above, including in the "About Ucore Rare Metals Inc." section, the Company has assumed that it will be able to procure or retain additional partners and/or suppliers, in addition to Innovation Metals Corp. ("IMC"), as suppliers for Ucore's expected future Strategic Metals Complexes ("SMCs"). Ucore has also assumed that sufficient external funding will be found to complete the Demo Plant commissioning and demonstration schedule and also later prepare a new National Instrument 43-101 ("NI 43-101") technical report that demonstrates that the Bokan Mountain Rare Earth Element project ("Bokan") is feasible and economically viable for the production of both REE and co-product metals and the then prevailing market prices based upon assumed customer offtake agreements. Ucore has also assumed that sufficient external funding will be secured to continue the development of the specific engineering plans for the SMCs and their construction. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements include, without limitation: IMC failing to protect its intellectual property rights in RapidSX™; RapidSX™ failing to demonstrate commercial viability in large commercial-scale applications; Ucore not being able to procure additional key partners or suppliers for the SMCs; Ucore not being able to raise sufficient funds to fund the specific design and construction of the SMCs and/or the continued development of RapidSX™; adverse capital-market conditions; unexpected due-diligence findings; the emergence of alternative superior metallurgy and metal-separation technologies; the inability of Ucore and/or IMC to retain its key staff members; a change in the legislation in Louisiana or Alaska and/or in the support expressed by the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority ("AIDEA") regarding the development of Bokan; the availability and procurement of any required interim and/or long-term financing that may be required; and general economic, market or business conditions.
Neither the TSXV nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined by the TSXV) accept responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
CONTACT
Mark MacDonald
Vice President, Investor Relations
Ucore Rare Metals Inc.
1.902.482.5214
mark@ucore.com
To view the source version of this press release, please visit https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/221886
News Provided by Newsfile via QuoteMedia
Rare earth metal production was on the rise again in 2023, jumping to 350,000 metric tons (MT) worldwide — that’s up significantly from 190,000 MT in 2018, just five years prior.
Demand for rare earth metals is increasing as renewable energy becomes more important across the globe. Rare earths such as neodymium and praseodymium, which are important in clean energy applications and high-tech industries, are in the spotlight, particularly as electric vehicles and hybrid cars gain further popularity.
Ongoing tensions between the US and China, along with other geopolitical factors, are impacting the outlook for rare earths investing. Since China is the world’s largest producer of rare earths by far, the fraught relationship between the countries is directing attention to global supply chain disruption in the rare earths industry.
With that in mind, it’s worth being aware of rare earth metal production by country figures. Here’s a look at the 10 countries that mined the most rare earths in 2023, as per the latest data from US Geological Survey (USGS).
Mine production: 240,000 metric tons
In 2023, China's domestic output of rare earths was 240,000 metric tons, up from 210,000 MT the previous year.
As mentioned, China has dominated rare earths production for quite some time. While China dominates global production of the vast majority of the 17 different rare earth elements, its output is heavily concentrated in light rare earths, specifically the magnet rare earths neodymium and praseodymium.
The largest rare earth mining company in the world is China Northern Rare Earth High-Tech (SHA:600111), which owns the prolific Bayan Obo rare earth mining complex in Inner Mongolia.
Chinese producers must adhere to a quota system for rare earths production. The 2023 quota for rare earths mining and rare earths separation was set at to 240,000 metric tons and 230,000 metric tons of rare earth oxides (REO) equivalent, respectively. Interestingly, this system has led China to become the world’s top importer of rare earths since 2018.
The quota system is a response to China’s longstanding problems with illegal rare earths mining. For more than a decade, the country has taken steps to clean up its act, including shutting illegal or environmentally non-compliant rare earths mines, and limiting production and rare earths exports.
China’s rare earths industry is controlled by state-owned miners, in theory allowing China to keep a strong handle on production. However, illegal rare earths extraction remains a challenge, and the Chinese government continues to take steps to curb this activity.
The Chinese government is set to introduce even tougher regulations requiring companies involved in the mining, smelting and trading of rare earths to maintain detailed records of product flow and input this data into a traceability system. These new regulations are set to take effect in October of 2024.
Mine production: 43,000 metric tons
The US produced 43,000 metric tons of rare earths in 2023, up from 42,000 MT in the previous year.
Rare earths supply in the US currently comes only from the Mountain Pass mine in California, which is owned by MP Materials (NYSE:MP). Mountain Pass is producing high-purity neodymium and praseodymium (NdPr) oxide, a key material for high-strength neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets.
The mine has had an interesting decade. Previously owned by Molycorp, the mine was put on care and maintenance in 2015 due to low rare earths prices and Molycorp filing for bankruptcy. Mountain Pass re-entered production in Q1 2018 under its new ownership.
The US is a major importer of rare earth materials. The USGS estimates the value of US rare earth imports for 2023 at US$190 million, down from US$208 million in 2022. The country has classified rare earths as critical minerals, a distinction that has come to the fore due to trade issues between the US and China.
Aiming to bolster its domestic supply, the US government is implementing a 25 percent tariff on rare earth magnet imports from China. “The tariff rate on natural graphite and permanent magnets will increase from zero to 25 percent in 2026. The tariff rate for certain other critical minerals will increase from zero to 25 percent in 2024,” states a May statement from the White House. “Concentration of critical minerals mining and refining capacity in China leaves our supply chains vulnerable and our national security and clean energy goals at risk."
Mine production: 38,000 metric tons
Myanmar mined 38,000 metric tons of rare earths in 2023. This was an increase of more than 216 percent from the 12,000 MT Myanmar produced in 2022, as supply was down due to a temporary halt in production associated with the turmoil following the 2021 military coup.
Its 2023 production rebounded to surpass the 35,000 MT Myanmar produced in 2021. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), since 2015, Myanmar's share of global rare earth production has surged from 0.2 percent to 14 percent. Unsurprisingly, the temporary halt in Myanmar’s production in the late summer of 2022 sent rare earth prices to their highest level in 20 months, as per OilPrice.com.
China, who shares a border with Myanmar, obtains 70 percent of its medium to heavy rare earths feedstock from its neighbor, including dysprosium and terbium. Myanmar's rare earths industry is plagued with controversy as much is reportedly carried out by unregulated small-scale miners and linked with armed militia groups with no environmental best practices or remediation plans in place.
Ironically, the act of mining these metals critical for clean energy technologies such as EVs and wind turbines is itself fraught with environmentally destructive practices that are harming the waterways, wildlife and vegetation in Myanmar.
Mine production: 18,000 metric tons
In 2023, Australia's rare earths production came in at 18,000 metric tons, on par with 2022 after rising steadily for the last few years. representing more than 5 percent of the global total. That's compared to the 24,000 MT produced in 2021. The country holds the world's sixth largest rare earths reserves, and is poised to increase its output. According to the IEA, Australia's share of global rare earth elements production is projected to rise to 18 percent by 2030.
Lynas (ASX:LYC,OTC Pink:LYSCF) operates the Mount Weld mine and concentration plant in the country, and is slated to complete its expansion project to boost production to 12,000 MT per year of NdPr products by 2025. Mount Weld ranks among the world's top rare earth mines, and Lynas is the the leading producer of rare earths outside of China.
Australian company Northern Minerals (ASX:NTU,OTC Pink:NOURF) is undertaking a definitive feasibility study for its Browns Range mining and process plant to process, which is due for completion in Q4 2024 with a final investment decision targeted for Q1 2025. Its main products will be terbium and dysprosium.
Mine production: 7,100 metric tons
Thailand’s rare earths production came in at 7,100 metric tons in 2023, level with the prior year. However, the country's rare earth production has ramped up rapidly in recent years. Thailand's output of rare earths in 2018 was just 1,000 MT and by 2021 it had hit 8,200 MT.
While there's not much information available on Thailand's rare earth industry, after Myanmar, the country is a major source of rare earth imports for China. As far as downstream rare earths product makers, Neo Performance Materials' (TSX:NEO) subsidiary Neo Magnequench operates a rare earth magnetic materials manufacturing facility in Korat, Thailand.
Recently, Chinese electric vehicle giant BYD (OTC Pink:BYDDF,HKEX:1211,SZSE:002594) is opening a US$486 million EV manufacturing facility in the country. The Financial Times reports that "analysts expect Chinese EV makers to penetrate further into south-east Asia because Thailand has lower tariffs on fully assembled EVs for companies that have pledged to build EV factories there, and most of them are Chinese."
Mine production: 2,900 metric tons
India’s 2023 production was 2,900 metric tons, unchanged from the previous year. The country's output represents less than 1 percent of global rare earths supply. India’s rare earths production is far below its potential, considering the nation holds almost 35 percent of the world’s total beach sand mineral deposits, which are significant sources of rare earths.
India joined the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) in mid-2023, a multi-nation group led by the United States and focused on the creation of critical mineral supply chains, including for rare earths.
Much of the country's rare earth exploration and mining is being conducted under the auspices of the Government of India via Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL), which was established in 1950. Furthermore, the government is establishing research and development into new technologies for extracting and processing rare earth minerals.
Mine production: 2,600 metric tons
Russia produced 2,600 metric tons of rare earths in 2023, nearly the same level as the previous five years. In terms of global rare earths reserves, Russia ranks third after China and Brazil. TriArk Mining, a joint venture owned by industrial conglomerate Rostec and billionaire Alexander Nesis, is the main player in Russia's rare earth sector, and is developing the Tomto rare earths deposit.
Prior to the country’s aggressive war against Ukraine, the Russian government was allegedly “unhappy” with its supply of rare earths. The Russia-Ukraine war has raised concerns over disruptions to the US/Europe rare earths supply chain.
Russia has reportedly reduced mining taxes and offered discounted loans to investors in nearly a dozen projects intended to increase the nation’s share of global rare earths production from the current 1.3 percent to 10 percent by 2030.
Mine production: 960 metric tons
Madagascar recorded rare earths extraction of 960 metric tons in 2023, on par with the previous year and down dramatically from 6,800 MT in 2021.
The country's Ampasindava peninsula is reportedly home to 628 million metric tons of ionic clays with a significant concentration of rare earths, particularly dysprosium, neodymium and europium. It's considered one of the largest rare earth deposits outside China. Whether or not it is ever developed is up in the air.
The declining in rare earths production in recent years is due in large part to increasing opposition to rare earths mining on the part of farmers who are strongly against mining activity in their communities.
In April 2024, Energy Fuels (TSX:EFR,NYSEAMERICAN:UUUU) agreed to acquire Base Resources and its advanced Toliara heavy mineral sands project in Southwest Madagascar. Energy Fuels plans to separate monazite sands from Toliara's Ranobe deposit at its White Mesa mill in Utah, US.
Mine production: 600 metric tons
Vietnam’s rare earths production came in at 600 metric tons in 2023, a fall from 1,200 MT in 2022. Vietnam holds the world's second largest known rare earths reserves, including several rare earth deposits against its northwestern border with China and along its eastern coastline.
The country's government is interested in building its clean energy capacity, including solar panels, and is said to be looking to produce more rare earths for its supply chain for that reason. It has set a goal of extracting and processing 2 million metric tons of rare earths per year by 2030.
However, serious corruption charges in October of 2023 that led to the arrests of top industry executives, including the chairman of Vietnam Rare Earth JSC, has hamstrung those plans. "The arrests stalled government plans to auction new rare earth mining concessions and cast a cloud of uncertainty over the industry that has given foreign investors pause," reported Asia Times.
Mine production: 80 metric tons
Brazil produced just 80 metric tons of rare earths in 2023, although the country holds reserves of 21,000,000 MT. Back in 2012, a US$8.4 billion rare earths deposit was discovered in Brazil.
In August 2024, St. George Mining (ASX:SGQ) announced its plans to acquire the Araxa niobium-rare earths project located in Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is adjacent to CBMM's flagship niobium mine, which is a prolific producer of niobium.
Another significant rare earths project in Brazil is Resouro Strategic Metals' (TSXV:RSM,ASX:RAU) Tiros titanium-rare earths project located in Minas Gerais. In July, Resource published a maiden JORC-compliant mineral resource estimate for the central block of Tiros; the resource estimate stands at 1.7 billion MT, divided into 1 billion MT in the measured and indicated category, and 700 million MT in the inferred category. It contains 3,900 parts per million (ppm) total rare earth oxides, 1,100 ppm magnet rare earth oxides and 12 percent titanium dioxide.
Mine production: 80 metric tons
Malaysia produced 80 metric tons of rare earths in 2023, on par with its output in the previous year and tying with Brazil for 10th place. Malaysia hosts the world's fourth largest rare earth reserves.
Malaysia represented the second biggest source for US rare earth imports in 2023 at 11 percent, according to the USGS, up from 8 percent in the previous year. Australia's Lynas (ASX:LYC,OTC Pink:LYSCF) sends its mined material for refining and processing to its plant in Malaysia.
The Malaysian government has imposed a temporary ban on the export of unprocessed rare earths materials as of January 1, 2024, in an effort to grow its downstream value-added rare earths industry.
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Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Editorial Disclosure: Energy Fuels is a client of the Investing News Network. This article is not paid-for content
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